
L’introduzione dei concetti di “agire informato” e “segnali di allarme” ha cambiato radicalmente la prospettiva della responsabilità ex art. 2392 c.c. e della responsabilità penale, in particolare per gli amministratori non-esecutivi.
La riforma del 2003 in materia di società di capitali ha innanzitutto voluto abbandonare l’approccio irrealistico di un obbligo di conoscenza dell’amministratore delegante di ogni evento della vita societaria, che aveva originato azioni di responsabilità ai limiti della responsabilità oggettiva (con processi che avevano portato a quelle che la dottrina ha definito “sventagliate di mitra nel mucchio”).
In luogo dell’obbligo di vigilare sull’andamento della gestione, previsto dall’originario art. 2392 comma 2, è stato introdotto nell’art. 2381 comma 3 il nuovo dovere in capo al consiglio di “valutare” l’andamento della gestione, sulla base delle relazioni dei delegati.
Con il comma 6 dell’art. 2381 è stato poi previsto il dovere di “agire informato” in capo ad ogni amministratore delegante.
Questo secondo livello di obblighi è di natura “eventuale” e sorge in presenza di “segnali di allarme” circa fatti pregiudizievoli alla società.
I segnali di allarme trasformano la “facoltà” di chiedere informazioni in “obbligo”. In sostanza la semplice facoltà di chiedere agli organi delegati informazioni relative alla gestione della società deve essere “innescata” da elementi tali da porre sull’avviso gli amministratori, così da trasformarsi in un “obbligo positivo di condotta” (Cass. Civ., Sez. I, 31/8/2016, n. 17441; Cass. Civ. 22848/2015).
Non essendo onerati da alcuno specifico obbligo di vigilare sull’operato dei delegati, gli amministratori non sono neppure onerati, in assenza di specifici segnali d’allarme, di acquisire informazioni ulteriori rispetto a quelle necessarie per gli atti di loro competenza.
Di conseguenza vi è stato un deciso revirement della giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità rispetto al passato. La responsabilità degli amministratori deleganti non può più discendere da una condotta di omessa vigilanza ma deve riconnettersi alla violazione del dovere di agire informati, sia sulla base delle informazioni ricevute, sia sulla base di quelle che essi stessi possono acquisire di propria iniziativa sulla base di segnali di allarme (Trib. Milano, Sez. Imprese B, 31/10/2016, n. 11897 in Le Società 7/2017).
Anche in sede penale la Suprema Corte ha sancito importanti ed innovativi principi, di particolare rilevanza in ordine al regime di responsabilità concorsuale omissiva ex art. 40 c.p.
Tali principi forniscono l’esatta individuazione della posizione di garanzia, alla luce della riforma societaria, e la corretta ricostruzione dell’oggetto del dolo, con particolare riferimento al legame tra dolo eventuale e la teoria dei segnali di allarme.
La pronuncia “storica” Cass. Pen., Sez. V, 4/5/2007, n. 23838, relativa al dissesto Bipop-Carire, afferma come sia configurabile una posizione di garanzia rilevante penalmente in capo all’amministratore non esecutivo che sarà responsabile, per omesso impedimento, soltanto qualora sia dimostrata in capo al medesimo la rappresentazione dell’evento nella sua portata illecita (in termini di conoscenza e non di mera conoscibilità) e l’omissione consapevole di impedirlo.
Pertanto, la responsabilità dell’amministratore non-esecutivo per omesso impedimento presuppone ora la “rappresentazione dell’evento nella sua portata illecita” e il “consapevole omesso impedimento”, per cui “non è responsabile chi non abbia avuto rappresentazione del fatto pregiudizievole”.
Eiminato l’obbligo di vigilanza, gli amministratori non esecutivi hanno il solo dovere di valutare l’andamento della gestione sulla base delle informazioni ricevute. Pertanto, se non hanno percepito chiari segnali di allarme dai delegati, non rispondono del delitto di bancarotta.
Ai fini delle configurabilità del concorso per omesso impedimento dell’amministratore privo di delega, è dunque necessaria la prova della concreta conoscenza (non della mera conoscibilità) dei dati da cui poteva desumersi quantomeno il rischio di un evento pregiudizievole, nonché la prova della volontaria omissione.
In sostanza l’accusa deve dimostrare la presenza in concreto di segnali perspicui e peculiari in relazione all’evento illecito, nonché del grado di anormalità di questi sintomi, non in linea assoluta, ma per l’amministratore non operativo, oltre che la prova della percezione degli stessi in capo agli imputati.
La responsabilità degli amministratori non delegati è subordinata alla prova (il cui onere compete all’accusa) o che hanno ricevuto informazione diretta dell’evento dai delegati, oppure che sussistevano indicatori chiari, univoci, inequivocabili e dotati di un elevato grado di anormalità, i quali siano oggettivamente percepibili ma anche soggettivamente percepiti.
Occorre cioè una “inerzia volontaria”, vale a dire che il dato indicativo del rischio non solo deve essere conosciuto, ma che l’amministratore se lo è rappresentato come dimostrativo di fatti potenzialmente dannosi e non di meno è rimasto inerte (Trib. Milano, Sez. I, 18/12/2008).
La più recente giurisprudenza ha sostanzialmente ribadito questi principi, operando al più sottili distinzioni in ordine alla “conoscibilità” dell’evento lesivo, e quindi al grado di dolo eventuale. A volte, in particolare nei casi di macro-dissesti, si è avuto un approccio più elastico, ritenendo che la rilevanza e le dimensioni del dissesto sono di per sé sufficienti ad integrare segnali di allarme.
È prevedibile che in un prossimo futuro gli operatori del diritto dovranno interpretare i principi codicistici alla luce delle sfide di un’economia globale e trans-nazionale, sempre più complessa.
15 febbraio 2019
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